Plant Volatilome in Greece: a Review on the Properties,Prospects, and Chemogeography

Knowing plant volatile chemodiversity and its distribution is essential in order to study biological processes, to estimate the plants' value in use, and to establish sustainable exploitation practices. Yet, attempts to collect and assess data on scent diversity and properties in well‐defined geographical areas are rare. Here, we developed a geo‐referenced database of the plant volatilome in Greece by consolidating the results included in 116 research articles published in the last 25 years. The data set compiled includes 999 volatile organic compounds distributed into 178 plant taxa, 59 genera, and 19 families. Distillation is the acquisition method almost exclusively used, whereas headspace techniques that would allow the study of subtle ecological processes are generally lacking. Sesquiterpenes show the greatest richness of compounds, followed by monoterpenes and aliphatics. We assess the volatility of the compounds using the normal boiling point (nBP) as its reverse indicator, and we present the volatility spectra of the blends of the genera studied. Mean nBPs vary among genera, with maximal differences as wide as 118.4°. Finally, we feature basic chemodiversity maps for three aromatic plants, and discuss their importance and prospects as a special case of natural resources maps.     

菜豆种质资源抗普通细菌性疫病鉴定

采用针刺叶片接种法、温室地面水层保湿方式,对146份普通菜豆种质资源进行抗普通细菌性疫病鉴定和评价,结果表明,该接种方法简便实用,保湿方式效果良好,鉴定结果准确;从146份普通菜豆种质中筛选出抗病种质(R)2份、中抗(MR)种质50份、感病(S)种质81份、高感种质(HS)13份。本研究表明针刺叶片接种、温室地面水层自然蒸发保持湿度可以作为大规模菜豆抗普通细菌性疫病鉴定的适宜方法。     

Intraspecific variation in desiccation survival time of Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito eggs of Australian origin

Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes preferentially oviposit in natural and artificial receptacles where their eggs are able to withstand drying as water levels fluctuate. Desiccation‐resistant eggs also increase the potential for establishment in non‐native habitats while providing logistical impediments to control programs. Viability and mean survival times of eggs stored under three dryness conditions for up to 367 days were investigated among three field‐derived colonies of Australian Ae. aegypti to understand variation in desiccation survival. Further investigations compared egg survival between an established colony and its wild counterpart. Our results confirmed that Ae. aegypti eggs can withstand desiccation for extended periods of time with approximately 2–15% egg viability recorded after one year and viability remaining above 88% under all conditions through 56 days. Intraspecific variations in egg survival times were recorded, suggesting local adaptation while each of the colonies demonstrated a consistent preference for higher humidity. Egg volume varied between the populations, suggesting a relationship between egg volume and survival time, with the marginally larger eggs (Charters Towers and Innisfail) having greater desiccation resistance over the range of conditions. The strong survivorship of Charters Towers eggs in dry, warm conditions demonstrates the adaptive significance of a desiccation‐resistant egg.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区纯林土壤腐殖质异化特征及与其他性质的关系

纯林长期生长或多代连栽必然会导致土壤腐殖质含量和构成发生异化,探究这种异化特征及其与土壤其他性质的关系可以为纯林管理或混交改造提供科学依据。通过对半干旱黄土丘陵区南泥湾林场8种典型纯林土壤腐殖质及其他性质进行系统检测,结果表明:(1)侧柏林土壤腐殖质含量最高(34.61 g/kg),腐殖化程度和稳定性一般;白榆和白桦林土壤的腐殖质含量中等(19.69—23.58 g/kg)、腐殖化程度和稳定性最佳;茶条槭和小叶杨林土壤的腐殖质含量(20.59—22.53 g/kg)和构成均为中等水平;油松、沙棘和刺槐林土壤的腐殖质质量较低(11.77—13.81 g/kg),且腐殖化程度较低,稳定性相对最差;(2)与胡敏酸含量存在显著相互促进作用(P0.05)的土壤性质为CEC、N、微生物量和蛋白酶活性(相关系数0.769—0.926,下同),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.793);与富啡酸存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(0.836—0.955),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.822);与胡敏素存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、磷酸酶活性和有效Zn(0.766—0.951),存在显著相互抑制作用的为脱氢酶活性(-0.784)。(3)腐殖质构成与其他性质的相关性均不显著(P0.05),其中相对有利于提高胡敏酸/腐殖酸含量之比的土壤性质为蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性;相对有利于提高胡敏酸/富啡酸含量之比的为速效K、CEC和脲酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性。(4)总体而言土壤腐殖质含量较之腐殖质构成与其他性质之间具有更大的相关性;向土壤增施N肥可以促进腐殖质的形成,增加K肥则有利于腐殖质构成的改善,而通过混交改造或增加林下植被是促进纯林土壤腐殖质化过程和解决土壤退化的根本措施。     

社会水文学研究进展

社会水文学是水文学和自然、社会、人文的交叉学科,主要探究人-水耦合系统的双向互馈方式及其协同进化的动态机理,并着力解决当今人类所面临的水资源可持续利用等问题.本文从社会水文学的产生背景与形成过程入手,介绍了社会水文学的基本概念,总结了其学科特点;从人-水耦合系统中的权衡、水资源管理中的利益关系、人-水耦合系统中的虚拟水研究三方面论述了社会水文学的主要研究内容,并辨析了其与传统水文学、生态水文学和水文社会学的区别与联系;最后从完善学科内容、深化定量研究、注重社会水文学中的尺度研究、社会水文学与生态水文学的融合等方面对社会水文学的发展前景进行了展望,以期推动我国社会水文学研究的发展.     

A meta‐analysis reveals a positive correlation between genetic diversity metrics and environmental status in the long‐lived seagrass Posidonia oceanica

The seagrass Posidonia oceanica is a key engineering species structuring coastal marine systems throughout much of the Mediterranean basin. Its decline is of concern, leading to the search for short‐ and long‐term indicators of seagrass health. Using ArcGIS maps from a recent, high‐resolution (1–4 km) modelling study of 18 disturbance factors affecting coastal marine systems across the Mediterranean (Micheli et al. 2013, http://globalmarine.nceas.ucsb.edu/mediterranean/ ), we tested for correlations with genetic diversity metrics (allelic diversity, genotypic/clonal diversity and heterozygosity) in a meta‐analysis of 56 meadows. Contrary to initial predictions, weak but significantly positive correlations were found for commercial shipping, organic pollution (pesticides) and cumulative impact. This counterintuitive finding suggests greater resistance and resilience of individuals with higher genetic and genotypic diversity under disturbance (at least for a time) and/or increased sexual reproduction under an intermediate disturbance model. We interpret the absence of low and medium levels of genetic variation at impacted locations as probable local extinctions of individuals that already exceeded their resistance capacity. Alternatively, high diversity at high‐impact sites is likely a temporal artefact, reflecting the mismatch with pre‐environmental impact conditions, especially because flowering and sexual recruitment are seldom observed. While genetic diversity metrics are a valuable tool for restoration and mitigation, caution must be exercised in the interpretation of correlative patterns as found in this study, because the exceptional longevity of individuals creates a temporal mismatch that may falsely suggest good meadow health status, while gradual deterioration of allelic diversity might go unnoticed.     

A horizontally transferred nuclear gene is associated with microhabitat variation in a natural plant population

Horizontal gene transfer involves the non-sexual interspecific transmission of genetic material. Even if they are initially functional, horizontally transferred genes are expected to deteriorate into non-expressed pseudogenes, unless they become adaptively relevant in the recipient organism. However, little is known about the distributions of natural transgenes within wild species or the adaptive significance of natural transgenes within wild populations. Here, we examine the distribution of a natural plant-to-plant nuclear transgene in relation to environmental variation within a wild population. Festuca ovina is polymorphic for an extra (second) expressed copy of the nuclear gene (PgiC) encoding cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase, with the extra PgiC locus having been acquired horizontally from the distantly related grass genus Poa. We investigated variation at PgiC in samples of F. ovina from a fine-scale, repeating patchwork of grassland microhabitats, replicated within spatially separated sites. Even after accounting for spatial effects, the distributions of F. ovina individuals carrying the additional PgiC locus, and one of the enzyme products encoded by the locus, are significantly associated with fine-scale habitat variation. Our results suggest that the PgiC transgene contributes, together with the unlinked ‘native’ PgiC locus, to local adaptation to a fine-scale mosaic of edaphic and biotic grassland microhabitats.     

海州常山花粉低温贮藏及其生理生化特征研究

以海州常山花粉为研究材料,探究了贮藏方式、贮藏时间、贮藏温度及预冻方式、低温解冻方式对花粉萌发率的影响,以及-80 ℃及4 ℃低温贮藏过程中海州常山花粉保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化,以筛选海州常山花粉的培养方法及贮藏条件,为其杂交育种奠定基础。结果表明：（1）进行低温贮藏时,花药和散粉两种贮藏效果差异不显著;不同的预冷方式对花粉低温贮藏影响并不显著;-80 ℃贮藏条件下,37 ℃水浴解冻效果显著优于室温解冻。（2）海州常山花粉在-80 ℃低温下贮藏90 d后仍具有7.99%的萌发率,更有效的保持了花粉萌发率。（3）随着低温胁迫时间的延续,4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温条件下贮藏的海州常山花粉超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均呈现出先升后降的趋势。（4）4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性糖含量及-80 ℃低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量,随着低温胁迫时间的延续,呈现出先升后降的趋势;4 ℃低温贮藏条件下的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势。研究认为,海州常山花粉更适宜于在-80 ℃低温下长期贮藏,它可以通过提高自身的SOD、POD活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白累积来增强抗寒性,维持自身活力。